Sandstone

Physical Properties

Hardness: 6-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Tan, brown, reddish-yellow; Luster: Dull or earthy; Crystal structure: Clastic (grains of sand); Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.2-2.8

Formation & Geological History

Formed through the accumulation and cementation of sand-sized mineral particles or rock fragments (lithification). It typically forms in desert, river, or coastal environments over millions of years.

Uses & Applications

Extensively used in construction, architectural carvings, landscaping, and as a source of high-purity silica for glass manufacturing.

Geological Facts

Sandstone is often porous enough to act as a natural filter for groundwater and can serve as a reservoir for oil and natural gas. The Grand Canyon is famous for its massive sandstone layers like the Coconino and Navajo layers.

Field Identification & Locations

Identify by its gritty texture (feels like sandpaper) and visible bedding layers. It is commonly found in sedimentary basins and arid regions worldwide.

Identified on: 5/11/2026

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