mineral

Malachite

Copper Carbonate Hydroxide - Cu2CO3(OH)2

Hardness: 3.5 to 4 on the Mohs scale. Color: Bright green, vibrant green with darker banding. Luster: Adamantine to vitreous, silky on fibrous masses, dull to earthy. Crystal System: Monoclinic. Cleavage: Perfect in one direction, though rarely seen. Specific Gravity: 3.6 to 4.0.

Hardness: 3
Color: Bright green, vibrant green with darker banding

Identified July 28, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Forms in the oxidation zones of copper ore deposits, typically as a secondary mineral resulting from the alteration of primary copper sulfides. Associated with limestone and other carbonate rocks which provide the necessary carbonate ions.

Uses & applications

Used extensively as an ornamental stone, for carving, in jewelry making, and historically as a green mineral pigment (mountain green). It is also a minor ore of copper.

Geological facts

Malachite has been mined for over 3,000 years, particularly in the Sinai Peninsula and ancient Egypt, where it was crushed into powder for eye makeup and wall paintings. Its distinctive banding makes it a favorite among mineral collectors.

Field identification & locations

Easily identified in the field and in hand specimens by its characteristic bright green color, banded patterns, and effervescence (fizzing) when tested with dilute hydrochloric acid due to its carbonate content. Found worldwide, with notable deposits in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Australia, Russia (Ural Mountains), and the southwestern United States (Arizona).