mineral

Malachite

Copper carbonate hydroxide [Cu2CO3(OH)2]

Hardness: 3.5-4.0 (Mohs scale), Color: Rich bright green with bands of darker green/black, Luster: Adamantine to vitreous (silky when fibrous), Crystal structure: Monoclinic, Cleavage: Perfect, Specific gravity: 3.6-4.0

Hardness: 3

Identified July 14, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

A secondary mineral that forms in the oxidized zones of copper ore deposits. It typically forms by the action of carbonated water on copper-bearing minerals or by the reaction of copper salts with limestone. Often found in botryoidal, fibrous, or stalactitic habits.

Uses & applications

Used primarily in jewelry (beads, cabochons), ornamental objects, as an ore of copper, and historically as a pigment in green paints.

Geological facts

Malachite is famous for its distinctive concentric banding. It is often found associated with Azurite (blue) as 'Azurmalachite'. In ancient Egypt, it was used for amulets and ground into eye shadow (kohl).

Field identification & locations

Identify by its unique green banding and reaction to dilute hydrochloric acid (it will effervesce). Common locations include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Russia (Ural Mountains), Namibia, and the Southwestern United States (Arizona). Collectors look for vibrant, high-contrast banding patterns.