mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7.0 (Mohs); Color: Orange to reddish-brown; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.59-2.61

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange to reddish-brown
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified June 25, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7.0 (Mohs); Color: Orange to reddish-brown; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.59-2.61

Formation & geological history

Formed in volcanic environments where silica-rich groundwater percolates through cavities in igneous rocks, cooling and crystallizing over millions of years. It is a variety of chalcedony.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry (pendant, rings), ornamental carvings, and historical seal stones. It is also a popular collector's mineral and used in lapidary arts.

Geological facts

In ancient Egypt, carnelian was known as 'the setting sun' and was believed to protect the dead in the afterlife. It was also one of the first stones used in seal rings for historical documents.

Field identification & locations

Identified by its distinctive translucency and bright orange-red hue with a waxy feel. It is commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar. Search for smooth, water-worn pebbles in stream beds in volcanic regions.