mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (a variety of Chalcedony, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5–7 on Mohs scale; Color: Translucent reddish-orange to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Translucent reddish-orange to brownish-red
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified March 9, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica from groundwater into cavities of igneous rocks, such as basalt. The reddish hue is caused by iron oxide (hematite) impurities. It can be found in sedimentary environments through erosion.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry for cabochons and beads, ornamental carvings, and historical seal stones. It is also a popular collector's mineral for its vibrant color.

Geological facts

In ancient times, carnelian was believed to give courage in battle. It was widely used in ancient Rome and Egypt for signet rings and amulets because hot wax does not stick to it.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its waxy luster and translucent orange-red glow when held up to light. Commonly found in India, Brazil, Egypt, and Uruguay. Collectors can find it in gravel beds or volcanic regions.