Citrine

Hardness: 7 on the Mohs scale; Color: Ranges from pale yellow to golden brown, often resembling amber; Luster: Vitreous (glassy); Crystal structure: Hexagonal (trigonal crystal system); Cleavage: None, exhibits conchoidal fracture; Specific Gravity: 2.65

Citrine is a variety of quartz that gets its yellow to golden-brown color from traces of iron impurities within its crystal structure. Natural citrine is relatively rare. Much of the citrine on the market today is heat-treated amethyst or smoky quartz. Amethyst heated to temperatures between 470 and 560 C (80 and 1,040 F) turns into citrine. Its formation is typically associated with hydrothermal processes in igneous and metamorphic rocks, often found in pegmatite veins.

Primarily used as a gemstone in jewelry, including rings, necklaces, bracelets (as seen in the image), and earrings. Due to its attractive color and reasonable hardness, it is a popular and relatively affordable gemstone. It is also collected by mineral enthusiasts.

The name 'citrine' is derived from the Old French word 'citrin', meaning 'lemon', referring to its color. Historically, citrine was often confused with topaz due to similar coloring. It is sometimes called 'healing quartz' and is believed to bring good fortune, prosperity, and energy. Brazil is one of the largest producers of natural citrine and heat-treated amethyst sold as citrine.

In the field, natural citrine can be found in association with other quartz varieties in pegmatites and hydrothermal veins. Identifying it often relies on its characteristic yellow-to-golden-brown color, its hardness (it will scratch glass), and its distinct vitreous luster. Be cautious of heat-treated amethyst, which tends to have a more reddish-orange or darker amber hue and is abundant. Natural citrine often has a paler, less intense yellow color. Common locations for natural citrine include Brazil, Madagascar, Russia, Kazakhstan, France, and the United States.