mineral

Carnelian Agate

Chalcedony (SiO2) with iron oxide inclusions

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale); Color: Translucent orange to reddish-brown; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None/Conchoidal fracture; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Translucent orange to reddish-brown
Luster: Waxy to vitreous

Identified March 13, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica from groundwater into the cavities (vesicles) of igneous rocks, such as basalt or rhyolite, over millions of years. The color is derived from iron oxide impurities.

Uses & applications

Mostly used in jewelry (beads, cabochons, intaglios), spiritual or metaphysical collections, and as decorative lapidary carvings. Historically used for seal stones and amulets.

Geological facts

Carnelian has been used for over 4,500 years; the ancient Egyptians called it 'the setting sun' and believed it had protective properties. It is a birthstone for the zodiac sign Virgo.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its waxy 'skin' and translucent orange glow when held to a light source. Commonly found in riverbeds, glacial tills, and volcanic regions. Major sources include Brazil, India, and the Pacific Northwest of the USA.

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