mineral

Carnelian Agate

Chalcedony (SiO2) with iron oxide inclusions

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Orange-red to brownish-red with white banding; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange-red to brownish-red with white banding
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified June 7, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Orange-red to brownish-red with white banding; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica from groundwater into cavities in igneous rocks. The orange hue is caused by iron oxide (hematite) impurities. It can be found in volcanic rocks dating back millions of years.

Uses & applications

Used primarily in jewelry, lapidary arts, and ornamental carvings. Historically used for signet rings and amulets in ancient Rome and Egypt.

Geological facts

Ancient Egyptians called carnelian 'the setting sun' or 'the sunset stone'. It is one of the oldest gemstones used by humans, appearing in jewelry from the Neolithic period.

Field identification & locations

Look for distinctive concentric or parallel banding and translucent zones. Commonly found in riverbeds or gravel deposits in Brazil, India, and Madagascar. Collectors value it for clarity and vibrant orange color.

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