mineral

Carnelian

SiO2 (Microcrystalline Quartz / Chalcedony)

Hardness: 6.5–7 on Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red
Luster: Waxy to vitreous

Identified April 5, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5–7 on Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica from groundwater into the cavities of igneous rocks. The orange color is caused by iron oxide impurities. It is found in volcanic environments and sedimentary deposits worldwide.

Uses & applications

Predominantly used as a gemstone for jewelry (cabochons, beads), decorative carvings, wax seals, and in holistic practices.

Geological facts

Carnelian has been used for over 4,500 years. Ancient Egyptians called it 'the setting sun' and buried their dead with it to assist in the afterlife journey; it was also used in the breastplate of the High Priest in Biblical times.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its characteristic waxy luster and translucent, warm orange-red color. It will not be scratched by a steel knife. Common locations include Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar.

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