Mineral (Chalcedony variety)
Carnelian
Carnelian (SiO2 with Iron oxide impurities)
Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale); Color: ranges from pale orange to deep reddish-brown; Luster: vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: none; Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- ranges from pale orange to deep reddish-brown
- Luster
- vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale); Color: ranges from pale orange to deep reddish-brown; Luster: vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: none; Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64
Formation & geological history
Formed by the deposition of silica from groundwater in the cavities of igneous rocks, particularly volcanic lavas. The reddish color is caused by the presence of iron oxide (hematite) impurities throughout the cryptocrystalline quartz structure.
Uses & applications
Primarily used in jewelry for beads, cabochons, and intaglios. Also used for decorative carvings, seals, and as emotional/meditative pocket stones in the crystal healing community.
Geological facts
Ancient Romans and Greeks used carnelian for signet rings (seals) because hot wax does not stick to the stone. It has been used in jewelry for over 4,500 years, appearing prominently in the jewelry of Ancient Egypt and the royal tombs of Ur.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its translucent body, lack of visible crystal grains, and distinctive waxy luster. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, Madagascar, and the US (Oregon/Washington). Collectors look for uniform color and high translucency.
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