mineral

Galena

Lead(II) sulfide (PbS)

Hardness: 2.5-2.75 Mohs; Color: Lead-gray to silver-gray; Luster: Bright metallic; Crystal structure: Cubic (isometric); Cleavage: Perfect cubic in three directions; Specific gravity: 7.4-7.6 (very heavy)

Hardness: 2
Color: Lead-gray to silver-gray
Luster: Bright metallic

Identified March 23, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed in hydrothermal veins and sedimentary environments through the cooling of ore-rich fluids. Often associated with minerals like sphalerite, fluorite, and calcite. Found in deposits ranging from Precambrian to recent geological ages.

Uses & applications

Primary source of lead for batteries, ammunition, and radiation shielding. Historically used as a silver ore (since silver often occurs within it). Used in early crystal radio receivers and occasionally for mineral collecting.

Geological facts

Galena is the most important ore mineral of lead. It has been mined for thousands of years; Ancient Egyptians used ground galena as 'kohl' for eye makeup. It is extremely heavy for its size, often surprising those who pick it up.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its 'heaviness' (high specific gravity), brilliant metallic luster, and the tendency to break into perfect cubes. It is commonly found in Missouri, USA (the 'Lead Belt'), the UK, and Mexico. Collectors look for sharp, unbruised cubic faces.