Amber

Hardness: 2-2.5 (Mohs scale), very soft; Color: Typically yellow, orange, or brown, but can be white, red, green, blue, or black; Luster: Resinous to waxy; Crystal structure: Amorphous; Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Specific Gravity: 1.05-1.10 (floats in salt water)

Formed from the fossilization of tree resin over millions of years. Resin oozes from trees, trapping insects or plant material, and then undergoes polymerization and hardening due to heat and pressure. Most commonly found in sedimentary deposits, especially those of marine origin where resin was washed into ancient deltas or lagoons. Geological age: Varies significantly, ranging from Triassic (around 230 million years ago) to Quaternary (several hundred thousand years ago), with most commercial amber coming from the Eocene.

Predominantly used for jewelry, ornaments, and decorative items. Historically used in folk medicine and perfumes. In scientific research, inclusions in amber provide invaluable insights into ancient ecosystems and extinct species.

Amber is not a mineral in the strict sense because it is organic and lacks a crystalline structure. It is sometimes referred to as a 'mineraloid.' The Baltic region is the largest source of amber. Some amber can contain perfectly preserved ancient insects, making it highly prized by collectors and scientists. The 'sun spangles' sometimes seen in heated amber are caused by internal stress fractures.

Identify in the field by its light weight (floats in salt water), warmth to the touch, and distinct resinous odor when heated or rubbed. Its color and transparency vary widely. Common locations: Baltic Sea region (Russia, Poland, Lithuania, Germany, Denmark), Dominican Republic, Mexico, Myanmar (Burma), and various locations in North America. Collectors look for pieces with interesting inclusions (insects, plant matter) or rare colors.