Mineral

Carnelian Agate

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with iron oxide impurities

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale. Color: Translucent orange to reddish-brown. Luster: Waxy to vitreous. Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline). Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture). Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: Translucent orange to reddish-brown
Luster: Waxy to vitreous

Identified March 30, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed by the deposition of silica from groundwater in cavities of igneous rocks such as basalt. The orange color is derived from iron oxide (hematite) impurities. Most specimens are prehistoric to millions of years old.

Uses & applications

Commonly used in jewelry (beads, cabochons), carvings, stone seals, and as a popular semi-precious gemstone for mineral collectors and metaphysical practitioners.

Geological facts

Carnelian has been used as a gemstone for over 4,500 years; Ancient Egyptians called it 'the setting sun' and buried their dead with it to help the soul pass into the afterlife.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its distinctive orange translucency, waxy texture, and conchoidal (shell-like) fracture. Found frequently in riverbeds or coastal areas in India, Brazil, Uruguay, and the United States (especially the Pacific Northwest).

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