metamorphic
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli (aggregate of Lazurite, Calcite, and Pyrite)
Hardness: 5-5.5 Mohs scale; Color: Deep celestial blue with gold pyrite flecks and white calcite streaks; Luster: Vitreous to greasy; Crystal Structure: Isometric (for the lazurite component); Specific Gravity: 2.7–2.9
- Hardness
- 5-5
- Luster
- Vitreous to greasy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 5-5.5 Mohs scale; Color: Deep celestial blue with gold pyrite flecks and white calcite streaks; Luster: Vitreous to greasy; Crystal Structure: Isometric (for the lazurite component); Specific Gravity: 2.7–2.9
Formation & geological history
Formed by contact metamorphism where limestone or marble is altered by hydrothermal activity. Major deposits date back over 6,000 years, particularly in the Sar-e-Sang mines of Afghanistan.
Uses & applications
Used extensively in jewelry (cabochons, beads), decorative carvings, and historically ground into the pigment 'ultramarine' for fine art paints. Also highly valued by mineral collectors.
Geological facts
Lapis lazuli was the source of the world's most expensive pigment, ultramarine, used by Renaissance artists like Vermeer. It was also a favorite stone of Ancient Egyptian pharaohs, featured prominently in King Tutankhamun's funeral mask.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its intense blue color and the presence of 'fool's gold' (pyrite) inclusions. Commonly found in Afghanistan, Chile, Russia, and Canada. Beware of dyed jasper imitations which lack the natural pyrite flecks.
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