Citrine

Physical Properties

Hardness: 7 on Mohs scale. Color: Pale yellow to golden-brown/amber. Luster: Vitreous (glassy). Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (trigonal). Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture). Specific Gravity: 2.65.

Formation & Geological History

Citrine is a variety of quartz that develops in igneous rocks (granite) and metamorphic rocks. Natural citrine is rare; many commercial specimens are heat-treated amethyst or smoky quartz. Most formed during the cooling of silica-rich magma or through hydrothermal activity.

Uses & Applications

Primarily used in jewelry (faceting, cabochons) and as a decorative collector's stone. In industry, quartz is used in electronics and glass-making, though citrine is usually too high-value for these applications.

Geological Facts

Known as the 'Merchant's Stone' or 'Success Stone' in folklore. Natural citrine is pale yellow, while heat-treated amethyst often has a deep orange or reddish tint and a crumbly white base. It is the birthstone for November.

Field Identification & Locations

Identify in the field by its hardness (scratches glass but not vice-versa) and yellow hue. Natural specimens lack the white, opaque 'roots' common in heat-treated amethyst. Frequently found in Brazil, Madagascar, and Russia.

Identified on: 4/23/2026

Mode: Standard