metamorphic
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli (Complex aggregate of Lazurite, Calcite, and Pyrite)
Hardness: 5-5.5 Mohs scale; Color: Deep blue with white streaks and gold flecks; Luster: Vitreous to greasy; Crystal Structure: Isometric (in lazurite component); Cleavage: None/Indistinct; Specific Gravity: 2.7-2.9
- Hardness
- 5-5
- Color
- Deep blue with white streaks and gold flecks
- Luster
- Vitreous to greasy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 5-5.5 Mohs scale; Color: Deep blue with white streaks and gold flecks; Luster: Vitreous to greasy; Crystal Structure: Isometric (in lazurite component); Cleavage: None/Indistinct; Specific Gravity: 2.7-2.9
Formation & geological history
Formed through contact metamorphism of limestone or marble. Major deposits occur in Afghanistan, with ages of formation dating back millions of years. It typically forms when igneous intrusions alter the chemical composition of surrounding carbonate rocks.
Uses & applications
Primarily used in jewelry, ornamental carvings, and historically as a pigment for ultramarine paint. It is highly valued as a semi-precious gemstone and collector's specimen.
Geological facts
Lapis lazuli has been mined in the Sar-i Sang mines of Afghanistan for over 6,000 years. The 'gold' flecks often mistaken for gold are actually iron pyrite ('fool's gold'). It was Cleopatra's eye shadow and used in the funeral mask of Tutankhamun.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its characteristic intense royal blue color and the presence of golden pyrite inclusions. Look for white calcite streaks which distinguish it from higher-quality 'intense blue' variants. Commonly found in Afghanistan, Chile, Russia, and Canada.
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