mineral

Malachite

Copper carbonate hydroxide Cu2CO3(OH)2

Hardness: 3.5–4.0 Mohs; Color: Bright green, dark green with banded patterns; Luster: Adamantine to vitreous (silky when fibrous); Crystal structure: Monoclinic; Cleavage: Perfect; Specific gravity: 3.6–4.0.

Hardness: 3
Color: Bright green, dark green with banded patterns
Luster: Adamantine to vitreous (silky when fibrous)

Identified March 25, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed as a secondary mineral in the oxidation zone of copper ore deposits. It precipitates from carbonated water interacting with copper minerals. Common in environments with limestone. Found in deposits dating from various geological eras, notably Precambrian to Mesozoic.

Uses & applications

Used primarily as decorative stone, gemstones for jewelry (cabochons), and in ornamental carvings. Historically used as a green pigment in paints until the 1800s and as a minor ore of copper.

Geological facts

Ancient Egyptians used malachite for amulets and ground it into eye makeup. The Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg features a famous 'Malachite Room' with columns and fireplaces veneered in the mineral. It is often found intergrown with blue Azurite.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its unique 'bulls-eye' or radiating green banding and its tendency to effervesce slightly in cold dilute hydrochloric acid. Commonly found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Russia (Urals), Arizona (USA), and Australia. Collectors should avoid water or heat when cleaning.