mineral
Carnelian
Carnelian (SiO2)
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Orange to reddish-brown; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal/Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Orange to reddish-brown
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Orange to reddish-brown; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal/Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
Formation & geological history
Formed at low temperatures in the oxidation zones of ore deposits or within volcanic rock cavities. Its color is derived from iron oxide impurities (hematite).
Uses & applications
Primarily used as a gemstone in jewelry, beads, and cabochons. Historically used for signet rings and wax seals because hot wax does not stick to it.
Geological facts
Carnelian was used by ancient Egyptians for amulets to aid the passage of spirits to the afterlife and was famously one of the twelve stones on the breastplate of Aaron.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its translucent, waxy orange-red appearance and conchoidal fracture. Often found as nodules in volcanic rocks or as water-worn pebbles in riverbeds.
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Green Apatite on Albite
Fluorapatite [Ca5(PO4)3F] on Albite [Na(AlSi3O8)]
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Epidote
Epidote - Ca2(Al2,Fe3+)3(SiO4)3(OH)
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