metamorphic
Serpentine
Antigorite, Lizardite, or Chrysotile (Mg,Fe,Ni,Al,Zn,Mn)2-3(Si,Al,Fe)2O5(OH)4
Hardness: 3-6 Mohs. Color: Olive green, yellow-green, or dark green with mottled patches. Luster: Greasy, waxy, or silky. Crystal Structure: Monoclinic. Cleavage: Poor/Inequivalent. Specific Gravity: 2.5-2.6.
- Hardness
- 3-6 Mohs
- Luster
- Greasy, waxy, or silky
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Physical properties
Hardness: 3-6 Mohs. Color: Olive green, yellow-green, or dark green with mottled patches. Luster: Greasy, waxy, or silky. Crystal Structure: Monoclinic. Cleavage: Poor/Inequivalent. Specific Gravity: 2.5-2.6.
Formation & geological history
Formed through serpentinization, a low-temperature metamorphic process where ultramafic rocks (like peridotite) from the Earth's mantle are hydrated by water. Found primarily at tectonic plate boundaries and ophiolite complexes.
Uses & applications
Used as a source of magnesium, decorative architectural stone (interiors), carvings, and budget-friendly jewelry/cabochons. Historically used as a source of asbestos in the fibrous chrysotile variety.
Geological facts
Commonly known as 'New Jade' or 'Serpentine Jade' in the gemstone trade because of its resemblance to true jade, though it is much softer. It is the official state rock of California.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its distinctive waxy feel and mottled 'snake-skin' appearance. Common in the Coast Ranges of California, the Appalachian Mountains, and Cornwall, UK. It is often softer than a steel knife blade.
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