mineral

Carnelian (Chalcedony)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs); Color: Orange, reddish-brown, semi-translucent; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (Microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange, reddish-brown, semi-translucent
Luster: Waxy to vitreous

Identified April 11, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs); Color: Orange, reddish-brown, semi-translucent; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (Microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Formation & geological history

Formed in volcanic and sedimentary environments through the deposition of silica from groundwater in cavities of rocks. Often found in geodes or as river-worn pebbles. It belongs to the chalcedony family.

Uses & applications

Commonly used in jewelry, lapidary arts for cabochons and beads, and as decorative pocket stones. Historically used for signet rings and wax seals because wax does not stick to it.

Geological facts

Ancient Romans and Egyptians used carnelian for talismans and jewelry. It gets its vibrant orange-red color from iron oxide (hematite) impurities within the silica structure.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its waxy luster and translucent orange hue when held to a light source. Often found in gravel deposits, beaches, or volcanic areas. It is generally harder than glass and steel.