mineral

Carnelian (a variety of Chalcedony)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with iron oxide impurities

Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale. Color: Translucent reddish-orange to brownish-red. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (trigonal) cryptocrystalline. Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture). Specific Gravity: 2.58–2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: Translucent reddish-orange to brownish-red
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified March 26, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed in low-temperature hydrothermal environments, often filling cavities in volcanic rocks (geodes or veins) or as water-worn pebbles in alluvial deposits. Age varies by locality, ranging from recent to millions of years old.

Uses & applications

Used primarily in jewelry as cabochons, beads, and engravings (intaglios). Historically used for signet rings and wax seals because hot wax does not stick to it. Also popular for lapidary work and as a collector's gemstone.

Geological facts

Carnelian was one of the most popular gemstones in Ancient Egypt, where it was linked to the sun god Ra. It is also mentioned in the Bible as one of the stones on the High Priest\'s breastplate. Its red color is caused by impurities of iron oxide (hematite).

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its waxy luster, translucency, and warm orange-red color. It will not be scratched by a steel knife. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and the United States (specifically Oregon and Washington).

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