Carnelian

Physical Properties

Hardness: 6.5-7. Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline. Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64. Cleavage: None.

Formation & Geological History

Forms as a silica-rich precipitate filling cavities in volcanic rocks (geodes) or in sedimentary environments. Its color is derived from iron oxide impurities.

Uses & Applications

Primarily used in jewelry (beads, cabochons, signet rings) and lapidary arts. Historically used for seals because wax does not stick to it.

Geological Facts

Ancient Egyptians called carnelian the 'setting sun.' It was historically associated with vitality and courageous action.

Field Identification & Locations

Identify by its translucent reddish-orange color and conchoidal fracture. Commonly found in India, Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar.

Identified on: 5/11/2026

Mode: Standard