mineral

Galena

Lead Sulfide (PbS)

Hardness: 2.5 on Mohs scale; Color: Lead gray; Luster: Bright metallic; Crystal Structure: Isometric (cubic); Cleavage: Perfect cubic in three directions; Specific Gravity: 7.4 - 7.6 (extremely heavy for its size).

Hardness: 2
Color: Lead gray
Luster: Bright metallic

Identified March 23, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Formation & geological history

Formed in hydrothermal veins and sedimentary environments (Mississippi Valley-type deposits). It crystallizes from hot, mineral-rich fluids moving through underground fissures. It can be found in rocks from the Proterozoic to the Tertiary period.

Uses & applications

Primary ore of lead; used in batteries, lead-acid cells, ammunition, and radiation shielding. Historically used as a source of silver (which often occurs as an impurity) and in early crystal radio sets.

Geological facts

Galena is the most important lead ore. Some specimens exhibit a property called 'shiller' or tarnish. It was one of the first minerals used by humans, even as eye makeup (kohl) in Ancient Egypt, despite its toxicity.

Field identification & locations

Identify in the field by its distinct metallic silver-gray color, perfect cubic cleavage (breaks into smaller cubes), and surprising heaviness (high density). Common locations: Missouri (USA), Kansas, England, and Mexico.