Diamond

Physical Properties

Hardness: 10 (Mohs scale); Color: Typically colorless, but can be yellow, brown, or blue; Luster: Adamantine; Crystal Structure: Isometric-hexoctahedral; Cleavage: Perfect in four directions; Specific Gravity: 3.51

Formation & Geological History

Formed under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions at depths of 140 to 190 kilometers in the Earth's mantle; brought to the surface by deep-origin volcanic eruptions (kimberlite or lamproite pipes).

Uses & Applications

Predominantly used in jewelry as gemstones; industrial uses include cutting, grinding, and drilling tools due to extreme hardness; high-end electronics for heat dissipation.

Geological Facts

Diamond is the hardest natural substance known to man. Most natural diamonds are between 1 billion and 3.5 billion years old. The word 'diamond' comes from the Greek word 'adamas', meaning unbreakable.

Field Identification & Locations

Identified by its high refractive index (brilliance) and ability to scratch any other material. Commonly found in alluvial deposits or within kimberlite pipes in locations like South Africa, Russia, Canada, and Botswana.

Identified on: 4/29/2026

Mode: Standard