sedimentary (artificial)
Concrete
Anthropogenic Sedimentary Conglomerate (Cement mixture: typically Ca2SiO4, Ca3SiO5, Ca3Al2O6)
Hardness: variable (3-7 Mohs based on aggregate); Color: typically gray but can be dyed; Luster: dull/earthy; Crystal Structure: amorphous matrix with crystalline aggregate; Specific Gravity: 2.3-2.5.
- Hardness
- variable (3-7 Mohs based on aggregate)
- Color
- typically gray but can be dyed
- Luster
- dull/earthy
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Physical properties
Hardness: variable (3-7 Mohs based on aggregate); Color: typically gray but can be dyed; Luster: dull/earthy; Crystal Structure: amorphous matrix with crystalline aggregate; Specific Gravity: 2.3-2.5.
Formation & geological history
Formed through a chemical hydration process where water is mixed with Portland cement (derived from heated limestone and clay) and various aggregates like sand and gravel. Unlike natural rocks, it is man-made over a period of hours to days.
Uses & applications
Primary material for global infrastructure including roads, sidewalks, buildings, bridges, and dams. Also used in art and home decor.
Geological facts
Concrete is the most widely used man-made material in the world. The ancient Romans used a form of concrete made from volcanic ash, which has allowed structures like the Pantheon to survive for nearly 2,000 years.
Field identification & locations
To identify in the field, look for a uniform gray matrix containing diverse rounded or angular stones (aggregate), often showing surface textures from wooden or metal forms. Common in urban environments (as seen in the provided image).
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