Metamorphic Or Sedimentary

Blue Quartzite

Quartzite (specifically a variety enriched with blue-coloring minerals)

Metamorphic Rock

Calcite (Yellow/Orange variety - sometimes called Honey Calcite)

Calcite

Greenstone / Greenschist

Greenschist (containing Chlorite, Epidote, Actinolite)

Graphite

Graphite (Carbon, C)

sedimentary (geologically classified as a variety of chalcedony/quartz)

Ocean Jasper (Orbicular Jasper)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with various inclusions

Green Aventurine

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with inclusions of Fuchsite mica

Mineral (variant of Quartz)

Yellow Aventurine (Yellow Quartz)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with inclusions of Muscovite or Mica

Moonstone (Feldspar)

Orthoclase or Oligoclase (KAlSi3O8)

Green Quartz (Aventurine)

Silicon Dioxide with Fuchsite inclusions (SiO2 + K(Al,Cr)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2)

Ruby in Zoisite

Anyolite (Zoisite with Corundum) Member of the Epidote Group

Garnet (Almandine/Pyrope series)

Silicate mineral (Almandine: Fe3Al2Si3O12; Pyrope: Mg3Al2Si3O12)

Clear Quartz (Rock Crystal)

Quartz (SiO₂)

Slate

Slate (a fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock). Mineral composition: Primarily composed of mica minerals (muscovite, chlorite, sericite) and quartz, with minor amounts of hematite, pyrite, and other accessory minerals.

sedimentary

River Stone / Pebble

Clastic Sediment (composed largely of Quartz, Feldspar, and various rock fragments)

Mineral, Sediment

Muscovite Mica

Muscovite / KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2

Black Spinel

Magnesium Aluminum Oxide (MgAl2O4)

Sapphirine in Magnesian Schist

Sapphirine: (Mg,Al)8(Al,Si)6O20

Marble

Marble (primarily Calcite, CaCO3 or Dolomite, CaMg(CO3)2)

Metamorphic Rock

Jasper and Quartzite Pebble

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) - Microcrystalline Quartz

sedimentary/metamorphic

Almandine Garnet

Fe3Al2(SiO4)3

Rhodonite in Matrix

Rhodonite (Manganese Silicate) - (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg,Ca)SiO3

Magnetite (or Magnetic Iron Ore)

Magnetite (Fe3O4)

Green Aventurine

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with inclusions of Fuchsite mica

Green Aventurine

SiO2

Corundum (Sapphire/Ruby in Matrix)

Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)

Banded Chert / Banded Jasper (likely a variety of Chert/Chalcedony)

Chert (microcrystalline quartz)

Metamorphic Rock

Rhodonite

Manganese Inosilicate (MnSiO3), often with Ca, Fe, Mg, Zn

Mica Group Minerals

There isn't a single scientific name as 'Mica' refers to a group of phyllosilicate minerals. Common scientific names include Muscovite (KAl₂ (AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂), Biotite (K(Mg,Fe)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂), Phlogopite (KMg₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂), and Lepidolite (K(Li,Al)₃(Al,Si,Rb)₄O₁₀(F,OH)₂).