sedimentary
Sandstone
Arenite (SiO2 based with quartz, feldspar, or lithic fragments)
Hardness: 6-7 (on Mohs scale if quartz-rich); Color: variable (tan, brown, yellow, red, grey, white); Luster: dull to earthy; Texture: clastic (sand-sized grains), grainy feel like sandpaper; Porous and permeable.
- Hardness
- 6-7 (on Mohs scale if quartz-rich)
- Color
- variable (tan, brown, yellow, red, grey, white)
- Luster
- dull to earthy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6-7 (on Mohs scale if quartz-rich); Color: variable (tan, brown, yellow, red, grey, white); Luster: dull to earthy; Texture: clastic (sand-sized grains), grainy feel like sandpaper; Porous and permeable.
Formation & geological history
Formed by the accumulation and cementation of sand-sized mineral particles or rock fragments over millions of years. This usually occurs in desert, river, or ocean environments through the process of lithification.
Uses & applications
Widely used as a building material in construction for flooring, walling, and pavement due to its durability. Also used as a reservoir rock in the petroleum industry and as a natural filter for groundwater.
Geological facts
Sandstone makes up about 20-25% of all sedimentary rock on Earth. It often preserves fossils and ripple marks, documenting ancient water or wind movements.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its gritty texture and visible layers (bedding). It can be found globally in canyon walls, cliffs, and quarries. Collectors look for unique banding patterns (like in Navajo Sandstone) or cross-bedding features.
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