sedimentary
Sandstone (Ferruginous)
Arenite (Fe2O3 staining)
Hardness: 6-7 Mohs scale; Color: Rusty brown, orange, tan; Luster: Dull or earthy; Crystal structure: Clastic (sand-sized grains); Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.2-2.8
- Hardness
- 6-7 Mohs scale
- Color
- Rusty brown, orange, tan
- Luster
- Dull or earthy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6-7 Mohs scale; Color: Rusty brown, orange, tan; Luster: Dull or earthy; Crystal structure: Clastic (sand-sized grains); Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.2-2.8
Formation & geological history
Formed through the accumulation and cementation of sand-sized mineral particles or rock fragments. The distinct orange-brown color is caused by the oxidation of iron-rich mineral cement during the lithification process, most common in terrestrial riverine or desert environments.
Uses & applications
Used primarily in building construction as a dimension stone, as an abrasive material, and as an aquifer and reservoir for groundwater and petroleum in industry.
Geological facts
Sandstone makes up approximately 20-25% of all sedimentary rocks on Earth. The rusted appearance is known as 'desert varnish' when found on the surface of outcrop walls in arid regions.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its gritty texture (feels like sandpaper) and visible layering or bedding planes. It is found globally in riverbeds, canyons, and sedimentary basins. Collectors look for unique concretions or fossil inclusions within the matrix.
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