Sandstone (with Iron Staining)

Hardness: 6-7 (on Mohs scale for sand grains), Color: reddish-brown to tan, Luster: Dull/Earthy, Crystal Structure: Granular/Clastic, Cleavage: None, Specific Gravity: 2.2-2.8

Formed through the accumulation and cementation of mineral particles or rock fragments (sand) in environments like deserts, river beds, or beaches. The reddish color indicates the presence of iron oxide (hematite) during the lithification process.

Used widely in construction as a building material, as a component in concrete, for making glass, and in landscaping or decorative masonry.

Sandstone is one of the most common types of sedimentary rock and often preserves fossils. It is also a primary reservoir for underground water (aquifers) and oil/gas because of its porosity.

Identify by its gritty, sand-like texture (feels like sandpaper). It is commonly found in sedimentary basins and canyons globally, especially in the American Southwest (e.g., Grand Canyon). To identify in the field, look for visible layering (bedding) and grains that can sometimes be rubbed off with effort.