sedimentary
Sandstone (likely Iron-rich or Arkosic)
Arenite (SiO2 with FeO(OH) or Fe2O3 staining)
Hardness: 6-7 (if quartz-rich) or lower if poorly cemented; Color: Tan, brown, or ochre; Luster: Dull/Earthy; Crystal structure: Clastic (grainy texture); Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.2-2.8
- Hardness
- 6-7 (if quartz-rich) or lower if poorly cemented
- Color
- Tan, brown, or ochre
- Luster
- Dull/Earthy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6-7 (if quartz-rich) or lower if poorly cemented; Color: Tan, brown, or ochre; Luster: Dull/Earthy; Crystal structure: Clastic (grainy texture); Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.2-2.8
Formation & geological history
Formed through the accumulation, compaction, and cementation of sand-sized mineral grains (usually quartz or feldspar) in environments like deserts, river beds, or beaches. The brownish hue suggests oxidation of iron-bearing minerals during lithification.
Uses & applications
Commonly used in construction as building stone, pavers, and crushed stone. High-purity sandstones are used for glass manufacturing and industrial abrasives.
Geological facts
Sandstone makes up about 10-20% of the Earth's total sedimentary rock. It is often porous and serves as a major aquifer or reservoir for groundwater and petroleum.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its gritty, 'sandpaper' feel and visible grains. It often shows bedding or layers. It is found globally, with massive deposits in the southwestern United States and Australia.
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