sedimentary
Sandstone
Clastic Sedimentary Rock (composed primarily of Quartz: SiO2)
Hardness: 6-7 (Mohs scale), Color: tan, yellow, or grey (often showing iron oxidation spots), Luster: dull to earthy, Crystal Structure: granular/fragmental, Cleavage: none (breaks across grains), Specific Gravity: 2.2-2.8
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6-7 (Mohs scale), Color: tan, yellow, or grey (often showing iron oxidation spots), Luster: dull to earthy, Crystal Structure: granular/fragmental, Cleavage: none (breaks across grains), Specific Gravity: 2.2-2.8
Formation & geological history
Formed through the accumulation of sand-sized mineral particles or rock fragments. Over millions of years, these sediments are compressed and cemented together by minerals like silica, calcium carbonate, or iron oxide. Common in desert, river, and marine environments.
Uses & applications
Extensively used as a building material, paving stones, and for ornamental masonry. In industry, it is a source of silica for glass manufacturing and used as an abrasive in sandblasting.
Geological facts
Sandstone makes up approximately 20% of all sedimentary rocks on Earth. Familiar landmarks like the Grand Canyon and the ancient city of Petra are primarily composed of various types of sandstone.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its gritty, 'sandpaper' texture and visible grain structure. Look for layering (bedding planes). Commonly found in sedimentary basins, cliffs, and along ancient riverbeds or coastlines.
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