sedimentary
Sandstone (Ferruginous)
Clastic Sedimentary Rock (SiO2 with Fe2O3/FeOOH cement)
Hardness: 6-7 (Mohs scale), Color: Tan to reddish-brown (rusted), Luster: Dull/Earthy, Crystal Structure: Granular/Clastic, Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture on individual grains), Specific Gravity: 2.2–2.8
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6-7 (Mohs scale), Color: Tan to reddish-brown (rusted), Luster: Dull/Earthy, Crystal Structure: Granular/Clastic, Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture on individual grains), Specific Gravity: 2.2–2.8
Formation & geological history
Formed from the accumulation and lithification of sand-sized mineral particles (usually quartz). The reddish-yellow staining indicates iron oxides (limonite or hematite) cemented the grains together over millions of years in a fluvial or marine environment.
Uses & applications
Used primarily in construction as a building material, paving, or for architectural features. Some varieties are used in glass manufacturing if the quartz content is high enough.
Geological facts
Sandstone often preserves fossilized tracks and ripple marks from ancient environments. It is one of the most common sedimentary rocks and makes up about 20% of all sedimentary rock on Earth.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its gritty, sandpaper-like texture and its tendency to break in blocky patterns. Commonly found in desert regions, ancient riverbeds, and canyon walls.
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