sedimentary
Sandstone (with Iron Staining)
Clastic sedimentary rock (primarily SiO2)
Hardness: 6-7 (Mohs); Color: Tan, brown, and reddish-purple due to iron oxide staining; Luster: Dull/Earthy; Crystal structure: Clastic/Granular; Cleavage: None (breaks across grains).
- Hardness
- 6-7 (Mohs)
- Color
- Tan, brown, and reddish-purple due to iron oxide staining
- Luster
- Dull/Earthy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6-7 (Mohs); Color: Tan, brown, and reddish-purple due to iron oxide staining; Luster: Dull/Earthy; Crystal structure: Clastic/Granular; Cleavage: None (breaks across grains).
Formation & geological history
Formed from the accumulation of sand-sized mineral grains or rock fragments. The grains were compacted and cemented over millions of years by minerals like silica or calcium carbonate in marine, desert, or river environments.
Uses & applications
Commonly used as a building material, paving stone, and in the manufacturing of glass and grindstones. In geology, it is a significant reservoir for oil, gas, and groundwater.
Geological facts
Sandstone makes up about 20-25% of all sedimentary rocks on Earth. The famous red rocks of the Grand Canyon and Zion National Park are primarily composed of thick sandstone layers.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its gritty 'sandpaper' feel and visible layers (bedding). It often forms prominent cliffs. Commonly found in basins and ancient coastal regions worldwide.
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