sedimentary
Sandstone
Arenite (SiO2 + various cementing minerals)
Hardness: 6-7 on Mohs scale (depending on cementation); Color: Tan, brown, reddish-brown; Luster: Dull/Earthy; Crystal Structure: Clastic (variable grain size); Cleavage: None (fractures across grains); Specific Gravity: 2.2-2.8
- Hardness
- 6-7 on Mohs scale (depending on cementation)
- Color
- Tan, brown, reddish-brown
- Luster
- Dull/Earthy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6-7 on Mohs scale (depending on cementation); Color: Tan, brown, reddish-brown; Luster: Dull/Earthy; Crystal Structure: Clastic (variable grain size); Cleavage: None (fractures across grains); Specific Gravity: 2.2-2.8
Formation & geological history
Formed from the accumulation of mineral particles or rock fragments (detritus) such as quartz or feldspar. These grains are deposited by water, ice, or wind and then compacted and cemented together by minerals like silica, calcium carbonate, or iron oxide over millions of years.
Uses & applications
Extensively used in construction for building stone, paving, and decorative facades. High-purity silica sandstone is also used in glass manufacturing and as a source of industrial sand for hydraulic fracturing.
Geological facts
Sandstone makes up about 20-25% of all sedimentary rocks on Earth. The famous red rock formations in Sedona, Arizona, and the Grand Canyon are primarily composed of layers of iron-oxide stained sandstone.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its gritty, sandpaper-like texture and visible sand grains. It is commonly found in ancient riverbeds, deserts, and coastal areas. Collectors look for 'Picture Sandstone' which contains dendrites or landscape-like patterns.
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