mineral
Carnelian Agate
SiO2 (Silicon Dioxide) with Iron Oxide impurities
Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Pale orange to deep reddish-brown; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (trigonal) microcrystalline; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Pale orange to deep reddish-brown
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Pale orange to deep reddish-brown; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (trigonal) microcrystalline; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.
Formation & geological history
Formed in volcanic and sedimentary environments through the deposition of silica-rich groundwater in cavities or cracks. The red-orange color is a result of iron oxide (hematite) impurities.
Uses & applications
Used primarily in jewelry, lapidary arts, bead-making, and as talismans or collectible tumbled stones.
Geological facts
Carnelian has been used by humans for over 4,500 years; Ancient Egyptians called it 'the setting sun' and used it in amulets for the afterlife. It is the translucent reddish variety of chalcedony.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its waxy luster, translucency, and warm orange-red colors. It is commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar. Collectors often find them as water-worn pebbles in riverbeds.
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