mineral
Carnelian Agate
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with Hematite inclusions
Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs); Color: Translucent orange to reddish-brown; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (cryptocrystalline); Cleavage: None; Fracture: Conchoidal.
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Translucent orange to reddish-brown
- Luster
- Waxy to vitreous
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs); Color: Translucent orange to reddish-brown; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (cryptocrystalline); Cleavage: None; Fracture: Conchoidal.
Formation & geological history
Formed as a result of silica-rich groundwater filling cavities in volcanic rocks. The reddish color comes from iron oxide (hematite) impurities dispersed throughout the quartz.
Uses & applications
Used primarily in lapidary arts, jewelry (cabochons and beads), and as a collector's specimen. Historically used for making seal stones and amulets.
Geological facts
Ancient Egyptians referred to carnelian as 'the setting sun' or the 'blood of Isis'. It was one of the first gemstones used in ancient jewelry and bead making, dating back to the Neolithic period.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its waxy luster, translucency, and warm red-orange hue. It can be found globally, with notable deposits in India, Brazil, and the USA. Collectors look for uniform color and high translucency.
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