mineral
Carnelian Agate
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) with iron oxide inclusions
Hardness: 6.5-7.0 (Mohs scale), Color: Translucent orange to pale yellow-brown, Luster: Vitreous to waxy, Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline), Cleavage: None, Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
- Hardness
- 6
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7.0 (Mohs scale), Color: Translucent orange to pale yellow-brown, Luster: Vitreous to waxy, Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline/cryptocrystalline), Cleavage: None, Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
Formation & geological history
Formed through the deposition of silica from groundwater in the cavities of igneous rocks, particularly volcanic lavas. The orange color is produced by hematite (iron oxide) impurities during the precipitation phase.
Uses & applications
Primarily used in jewelry (cabochons, beads), decorative carvings, and as a popular semi-precious gemstone for crystal healing collections.
Geological facts
Carnelian has been used for over 4,500 years; ancient Egyptians referred to it as the 'setting sun' and utilized it for protective amulets. It was also widely used for signet rings and seals because hot wax does not stick to it.
Field identification & locations
Identify in the field by its waxy luster and translucency when held to light. Often found in riverbeds or volcanic regions. It lacks the sharp banding of typical agate but often shows cloudy inclusions.
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Mineral
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Mineral/Rock
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