mineral
Carnelian Agate
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) - variety of Chalcedony
Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs. Color: Orange to reddish-brown. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (microcrystalline). Cleavage: None. Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Orange to reddish-brown
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs. Color: Orange to reddish-brown. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (microcrystalline). Cleavage: None. Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.
Formation & geological history
Formed in volcanic and sedimentary environments through the precipitation of silica from groundwater in cavities (vugs) of igneous rocks. Most specimens are millions of years old.
Uses & applications
Widely used in jewelry making, gemstones, beadwork, and decorative carvings. Historically used for seal stones and amulets.
Geological facts
The color is primarily due to impurities of iron oxide. In ancient Egypt, carnelian was believed to have protective powers and was commonly placed in burials to assist the dead in their journey to the afterlife.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its characteristic waxy luster and translucent orange-red hue. It is often found as smooth river pebbles or inside volcanic host rocks. Common locations include Brazil, India, and Madagascar.
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