mineral
Carnelian Agate
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectHardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale); Color: Translucent orange to reddish-brown; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture)
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Translucent orange to reddish-brown
- Luster
- Waxy to vitreous
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs scale); Color: Translucent orange to reddish-brown; Luster: Waxy to vitreous; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture)
Formation & geological history
Formed through the deposition of silica-rich groundwater in volcanic rock cavities (vesicles) or sedimentary layers. Its orange color is caused by iron oxide impurities.
Uses & applications
Commonly used in jewelry as cabochons, beads, and carvings. Historically used for signet rings and seals due to its resistance to wax sticking.
Geological facts
Carnelian was believed by ancient Romans and Egyptians to provide courage and protection. It is a variety of chalcedony.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its waxy luster, translucency, and warm orange-red hue. It is often found as nodules on beaches or in desert washes, particularly in India, Brazil, and Uruguay.
