mineral

Carnelian (Carnelian Agate)

Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) - variety of Chalcedony

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: brownish-red to orange; Luster: vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: none (conchoidal fracture); Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Hardness: 6
Color: brownish-red to orange
Luster: vitreous to waxy

Identified July 1, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: brownish-red to orange; Luster: vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: none (conchoidal fracture); Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64.

Formation & geological history

Formed through the deposition of silica in cavities of volcanic rocks (lavas) or sedimentary rocks. The red coloring comes from iron oxide (hematite) impurities. It can be found in various geological ages ranging from the Cretaceous to the modern era.

Uses & applications

Used primarily as a semi-precious gemstone in jewelry (beads, cabochons), for ornamental carvings, signet rings, and as a popular specimen for crystal collectors.

Geological facts

Carnelian was highly prized in ancient times; it was used by Egyptians in amulets to represent the setting sun and by Romans for seal rings because wax does not stick to it. The name is derived from the Latin 'carne' meaning flesh.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its translucent to semi-opaque orange-red hue and waxy luster. It lacks the internal banding of 'true' agate but is often found in similar environments. Common locations include Brazil, India, Madagascar, and Uruguay.