mineral
Carnelian
Carnelian (Cryptocrystalline Quartz, SiO2)
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Orange to reddish-brown; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Orange to reddish-brown
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Orange to reddish-brown; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.
Formation & geological history
Forms through the crystallization of silica-rich groundwater within volcanic and sedimentary rock cavities. Most commercial specimens are from the Eocene to Holocene periods.
Uses & applications
Used extensively in jewelry (beads, cabochons, rings), seal stones, and decorative carvings. It is also popular in holistic practices.
Geological facts
In ancient times, carnelian was believed to protect the wearer and was buried with Egyptian pharaohs. It has been used for signet rings for thousands of years because wax does not stick to it.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its translucent orange hue and waxy surface. Often found in riverbeds or gravel deposits in India, Brazil, and Uruguay. Look for the consistent color and lack of banding compared to agate.
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