gemstone
Carnelian
Carnelian Agate (SiO2)
AI-generated identification · may be incorrectHardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Reddish-orange to brownish-red
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Reddish-orange to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
Formation & geological history
Formed by the deposition of silica from groundwater in the cavities of igneous rocks, primarily volcanic lavas. The color comes from iron oxide impurities.
Uses & applications
Extensively used in jewelry making, lapidary arts, beadwork, and historical seal stones.
Geological facts
Carnelian was used by ancient Egyptians for amulets and by Romans to carve signet rings because hot wax does not stick to it.
Field identification & locations
Identified by its translucency and uniform reddish-brown hue. Common in Brazil, India, and Uruguay. Look for a waxy luster and conchoidal fracture in the field.
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