mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (Cryptocrystalline Quartz, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs), Color: Orange to reddish-brown, Luster: Vitreous to waxy, Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline), Cleavage: None, Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6

Identified July 6, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs), Color: Orange to reddish-brown, Luster: Vitreous to waxy, Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline), Cleavage: None, Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64

Formation & geological history

Formed in volcanic cavities or sedimentary rocks through the deposition of silica from groundwater; its color comes from iron oxide (hematite) impurities. Often found as pebbles in riverbeds or within basalt cavities.

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry for cabochons and beads, as well as for decorative carvings, seals, and as a healing crystal in metaphysical practices.

Geological facts

Carnelian was heavily used in the ancient world, particularly by Romans for signet rings and by Egyptians in protective amulets; it was believed to represent the setting sun.

Field identification & locations

Identified by its waxy luster, translucence, and reddish-orange hue. It can be found in India, Brazil, Uruguay, and Madagascar. In the field, look for conchoidal fractures and a lack of distinct crystal visible to the eye.