mineral
Carnelian
Carnelian (Chalcedony / Quartz variety, SiO2)
Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Orange, reddish-brown, pale pink; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Orange, reddish-brown, pale pink
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Orange, reddish-brown, pale pink; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64
Formation & geological history
Formed through the deposition of silica in cavities of volcanic rocks (lavas) or sedimentary rocks at low temperatures. The red color is caused by iron oxide (hematite) impurities.
Uses & applications
Primarily used as a gemstone for jewelry, beads, cabochons, and decorative carvings; also popular in metaphysical collections.
Geological facts
In antiquity, Carnelian was believed to give the wearer courage in battle and help speakers become eloquent. It was widely used in Ancient Egypt for amulets and in Rome for signet rings.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its translucent, waxy appearance and warm orange-red hue. It can be found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, Madagascar, and the USA (notably in the Pacific Northwest). Look for smooth, rounded pebbles in riverbeds.
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