mineral
Carnelian
Carnelian (SiO2 - Chalcedony colored by Iron Oxide)
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale. Color: Orange to reddish-brown. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (Trigonal) microcrystalline. Cleavage: None. Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Orange to reddish-brown
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale. Color: Orange to reddish-brown. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal Structure: Hexagonal (Trigonal) microcrystalline. Cleavage: None. Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.
Formation & geological history
Forms through the infiltration of silica-rich water into volcanic rock cavities or sedimentary environments at low temperatures. Its reddish hue comes from hematite impurities.
Uses & applications
Primarily used in jewelry for beads, cabochons, and rings. Historically used for signet rings and wax seals due to its property of not sticking to hot wax.
Geological facts
Carnelian was highly prized by the Ancient Egyptians, who called it 'the setting sun' and believed it had protective powers for the soul after death.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its translucent to semi-opaque orange-red color and waxy appearance. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Madagascar, and Uruguay. Look for water-worn pebbles in stream beds in volcanic regions.
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