mineral
Carnelian
Chalcedony (SiO2 with Iron Oxide inclusions)
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale. Color: Orange to reddish-brown. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline. Diaphaneity: Translucent to opaque. Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Orange to reddish-brown
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale. Color: Orange to reddish-brown. Luster: Vitreous to waxy. Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline. Diaphaneity: Translucent to opaque. Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64.
Formation & geological history
Formed via the precipitation of silica from groundwater in the cavities of volcanic or sedimentary rocks. The orange hue is caused by iron oxide impurities. It is found in deposits ranging from ancient Mesozoic formations to relatively recent volcanic flows.
Uses & applications
Extensively used in jewelry (beads, cabochons), carvings, talismans, and as decorative tumbled stones for collectors. Historically used for seal stones and signet rings.
Geological facts
Carnelian was one of the first gemstones used by humans, with examples in burial sites dating back to the Neolithic period. It was highly prized in Ancient Egypt for both spiritual protection and aesthetic beauty.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its distinctive waxy luster and translucent orange-red color. It is commonly found in riverbeds or beaches where harder silica minerals accumulate, notably in India, Brazil, and Uruguay. Use a light test; true carnelian should show a cloudy or even distribution of color.
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