mineral
Carnelian
Carnelian (SiO2 with Iron Oxide impurities)
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Red-orange to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- Red-orange to brownish-red
- Luster
- Vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 on Mohs scale; Color: Red-orange to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal Structure: Trigonal (microcrystalline); Cleavage: None; Specific Gravity: 2.58-2.64
Formation & geological history
Formed in volcanic and sedimentary rocks as silica-rich water percolates through cavities, depositing microcrystalline quartz. The orange-red color comes from iron oxide (hematite) impurities.
Uses & applications
Commonly used in jewelry (beads, cabochons), carvings, decorative seals, and as a popular collector's pocket stone.
Geological facts
Carnelian was highly prized in ancient times; ancient Egyptians believed it had protective properties and used it in the burial of pharaohs. It is a variety of chalcedony.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its translucent, waxy appearance and orange-red hue. It is often found in river beds or on beaches as water-worn pebbles in areas like Brazil, India, and Uruguay.
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