mineral

Carnelian

Carnelian (variety of Chalcedony, SiO2)

Hardness: 6.5-7; Color: Orange, reddish-brown, brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange, reddish-brown, brownish-red
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified June 28, 2026More mineral →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7; Color: Orange, reddish-brown, brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Trigonal/Microcrystalline; Cleavage: None; Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64

Formation & geological history

Forms in volcanic and sedimentary environments through the deposition of silica from groundwater in cavities of igneous rocks. The orange color is caused by impurities of iron oxide (hematite).

Uses & applications

Used primarily in jewelry (beads, cabochons), lapidary art, carvings, and as a decorative collector's stone.

Geological facts

In ancient times, carnelian was believed to give courage in battle. It was widely used in ancient Rome and Egypt for signet rings and amulets because it does not stick to hot wax.

Field identification & locations

Identify by its waxy luster, translucent to semi-opaque orange hue, and lack of visible crystals. Commonly found in Brazil, India, Uruguay, and Madagascar.