gemstone

Carnelian

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) with iron oxide impurities

AI-generated identification · may be incorrect

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Orange-red to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Hexagonal (trigonal); Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Translucency: Translucent to opaque.

Hardness: 6
Color: Orange-red to brownish-red
Luster: Vitreous to waxy

Identified July 13, 2026More gemstone →

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Physical properties

Hardness: 6.5-7 Mohs; Color: Orange-red to brownish-red; Luster: Vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: Hexagonal (trigonal); Cleavage: None (conchoidal fracture); Translucency: Translucent to opaque.

Formation & geological history

Formed as a cryptocrystalline variety of quartz within volcanic rocks (basalt or andesite cavities) or as nodules in sedimentary environments. Its distinctive color comes from the inclusion of iron oxide (hematite).

Uses & applications

Primarily used in jewelry for beads, cabochons, and rings. Historically significant for making seals, talismans, and intaglios in ancient civilizations.

Geological facts

Carnelian has been used for over 4,500 years. The ancient Egyptians believed it had protective properties and used it extensively in the funerary ornaments of Pharaohs, including Tutankhamun.

Field identification & locations

Look for a waxy luster and a translucent, reddish-orange body color. Often found in riverbeds or coastal areas as smoothed pebbles. Major sources include Brazil, Uruguay, India, and Madagascar.