mineral
Carnelian
Carnelian Chalcedony (SiO2 with Hematite impurities)
Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs); Color: translucent reddish-orange to brownish-red; Luster: vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: trigonal (hexagonal) microcrystalline quartz; Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64
- Hardness
- 6
- Color
- translucent reddish-orange to brownish-red
- Luster
- vitreous to waxy
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Physical properties
Hardness: 6.5-7 (Mohs); Color: translucent reddish-orange to brownish-red; Luster: vitreous to waxy; Crystal structure: trigonal (hexagonal) microcrystalline quartz; Specific gravity: 2.58-2.64
Formation & geological history
Formed in low-temperature volcanic environments or sedimentary rocks where silica-rich fluids precipitate into cavities. Coloration is caused by iron oxide (iron-rich impurities like goethite or hematite).
Uses & applications
Primarily used in jewelry (cabochons and beads), decorative carvings, and as a popular semi-precious stone for collectors and metaphysical practices.
Geological facts
In antiquity, carnelian was believed to have protective properties and was used extensively for signet rings and wax seals because wax does not stick to it. It has been used for beads since the Neolithic period.
Field identification & locations
Identify by its translucent body (unlike opaque jasper) and warm reddish hue. Common in Brazil, India, Egypt, and Uruguay. It is easily tumbled and polished, appearing often in beginner collection kits.
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